- Analgesics are pain relievers that don't have an anti-inflammatory effect. They may contain paracetamol, codeine, aspirin, or a combination of these. There are very few side effects if taken as prescribed.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help relieve inflammation, swelling, stiffness and joint pain. The major side effects are stomach upsets (such as irritation and ulcers), so NSAIDs should always be taken with food.
- Cox II Specific Inhibitors assist in the reduction of pain, without the side effects of NSAIDs. But these medicines aren't subsidised in New Zealand.
- Corticosteroids such as prednisone help reduce inflammation of the joints, blood vessels, and organs. There's a risk of harmful side effects over time, however: your skin may bruise and your bones may develop osteoporosis. Doctors usually only prescribe them during flare-ups.
- Chondroitin sulphate is naturally found in the body as a component of cartilage. There's some evidence it can reduce pain and improve joint function in people with osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulphate is often sold in combination with glucosamine. Some studies suggest this combination is more effective than either of them taken alone, but the evidence isn't strong.
If you avoid animal products, be aware that chondroitin is usually extracted from animal or shark cartilage. - Capsaicin cream may help a little. Capsaicin's the substance in chillis that make them hot to eat. The theory is that the strong irritating sensations of capsaicin compete with pain signals from the arthritic knee, and so the pain signals can't get through.
- New Zealand green-lipped mussel extract is available freeze-dried, concentrated or ground in capsules. Evidence for its efficacy has been mixed but some studies suggest it may reduce inflammation, lubricate joints, and reduce pain.
- Knee replacements and other major surgery are usually a last resort.
- Exercise is important but you need to be careful as it may make knee osteoarthritis worse. Strengthening exercises should be gradual and not provoke greater knee pain. Pool workouts are ideal. Your exercise regime should be custom-made under a doctor's supervision.
- Eating a balanced diet is important for maintaining a healthy weight. Excess weight places stress on arthritic joints.
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